VPN Protocols Explained
WireGuard, OpenVPN, IKEv2 - what do these terms mean and which should you use? This guide breaks down VPN protocols in plain language to help you make the right choice.
What is a VPN Protocol?
A VPN protocol is a set of rules that determines how data is encrypted, transmitted, and authenticated between your device and the VPN server. Think of it as the "language" your VPN speaks.
What Protocols Determine
Encryption Method
How your data is scrambled to prevent interception
Authentication
How your identity is verified with the VPN server
Speed & Efficiency
How fast data moves through the VPN tunnel
Security Level
How resistant the connection is to attacks
WireGuard
WireGuard is the newest major VPN protocol and has quickly become the gold standard for speed and modern cryptography. It's built into the Linux kernel since 2020.
Advantages
- • Fastest protocol available
- • Modern, audited cryptography
- • Simple, minimal code (easier to audit)
- • Excellent for mobile (seamless roaming)
- • Built into Linux kernel
Disadvantages
- • Newer (less battle-tested)
- • Static IP by default (privacy concern)
- • Not all VPNs support it yet
- • UDP only (can be blocked)
Best For
General use, streaming, gaming, mobile users, anyone who wants the fastest speeds with modern security.
OpenVPN
OpenVPN has been the industry standard for over 20 years. It's open-source, highly configurable, and works on virtually every platform and network.
Advantages
- • Battle-tested over 20+ years
- • Highly configurable
- • Works on any port (hard to block)
- • TCP mode for unstable networks
- • Runs on almost any device
Disadvantages
- • Slower than WireGuard
- • Complex codebase
- • Higher battery drain on mobile
- • Requires third-party app on most devices
OpenVPN TCP vs UDP
Faster, better for streaming and general use. Default for most VPNs.
More reliable on unstable networks. Better at bypassing firewalls (port 443).
Best For
Users who need maximum compatibility, bypass strict firewalls, or work in restrictive networks (schools, workplaces, countries with censorship).
IKEv2/IPSec
IKEv2 (Internet Key Exchange version 2) combined with IPSec is excellent for mobile devices. It's built into most operating systems and reconnects quickly when switching networks.
Advantages
- • Excellent for mobile (MOBIKE support)
- • Fast reconnection after network change
- • Built into iOS, macOS, Windows
- • Good balance of speed and security
- • Low battery consumption
Disadvantages
- • Not open-source (Microsoft/Cisco)
- • UDP port 500 can be blocked
- • Limited configuration options
- • Potential NSA concerns (rumored)
Best For
Mobile users who frequently switch between WiFi and cellular, iPhone/iPad users (native support), Windows users.
Other Protocols
L2TP/IPSec
OutdatedAn older protocol that combines L2TP tunneling with IPSec encryption. Still widely supported but slower and potentially compromised by NSA.
Verdict: Avoid if better options are available.
PPTP
InsecureThe oldest VPN protocol (1999). Fast but with known security vulnerabilities. Can be cracked by the NSA in real-time.
Verdict: Never use for security. Only for bypassing simple geo-blocks.
SSTP
Windows OnlyMicrosoft's proprietary protocol using SSL/TLS over port 443. Very effective at bypassing firewalls but Windows-only.
Verdict: Good for Windows in restrictive networks, but closed-source.
Proprietary Protocols
VariesSome VPN providers create their own protocols: Lightway (ExpressVPN), NordLynx (NordVPN's WireGuard implementation), Chameleon (VyprVPN).
Verdict: Usually optimized versions of existing protocols. Generally safe with reputable providers.
Protocol Comparison Chart
| Protocol | Speed | Security | Stability | Mobile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WireGuard | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
| OpenVPN UDP | Good | Excellent | Good | Good |
| OpenVPN TCP | Moderate | Excellent | Excellent | Good |
| IKEv2/IPSec | Excellent | Good | Excellent | Excellent |
| PPTP | Excellent | Poor | Good | Good |
Quick Recommendation
Key Takeaways
- WireGuard is the best choice for most users (fast, secure, modern)
- OpenVPN is the fallback when you need maximum compatibility
- IKEv2 excels on mobile devices with its fast reconnection
- Avoid PPTP - it's fast but completely insecure
Find a VPN with Your Preferred Protocol
Compare VPNs based on protocol support, speed, and security features.
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